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• avformat/movenc : simplify ISML manifest bit rate logic

  20 septembre 2020, par Jan Ekström

  avformat/movenc : simplify ISML manifest bit rate logic
  The newly calculated average bit rate value is pretty much what is
  
  being done here.
  

  • [DH] libavformat/movenc.c

• Blog series part 2 : How to increase engagement of your website visitors, and turn them into customers

  8 septembre 2020, par Joselyn Khor — Analytics Tips, Marketing
  Long gone are the days of simply tracking page views as a measure of engagement. Now it’s about engagement analysis, which is layered and provides insight for effective data-driven decisions.

  Discover how engaged people are with your website by uncovering behavioural patterns that tell you how well your site and content is or isn’t performing. This insight helps you re-evaluate, adapt and optimise your content and strategy. The more engaged they are, the more likely you’ll be able to guide them on a predetermined journey that results in more conversions ; and helps you reach the goals you’ve set for your business. 

  Why is visitor engagement important ?

  It’s vital to measure engagement if you have anything content related that plays a role in your customer’s journey. Some websites may find more value in figuring out how engaging their entire site is, while others may only want to zone in on, say, a blogging section, e-newsletters, social media channels or sign-up pages.

  In the larger scheme of things, engagement can be seen as what’s running your site. Every aspect of the buyer’s journey requires your visitors to be engaged. Whether you’re trying to attract, convert or build a loyal audience base, you need to know your content is optimised to maintain their attention and encourage them along the path to purchase, conversion or loyalty.

  How to increase engagement with Matomo

  You need to know what’s going right or wrong to eventually be able to deliver more riveting content your visitors can’t help but be drawn to. Learn how to apply Matomo’s easy-to-use features to increase engagement :

  1. The Behaviour feature
  2. Heatmaps
  3. A/B Testing
  4. Media Analytics
  5. Transitions
  6. Custom reports
  7. Other metrics to keep an eye on

  1. Look at the Behaviour feature

  It allows you to learn how visitors are responding to your content. This information is gathered by drawing insight from features such as site search, downloads, events and content interactions. Learn more

  

  Matomo’s top five ways to increase engagement with the Behaviour feature :

  Behaviour -> Pages
  Get complete insights on what pages your users engage with, what pages provide little value to your business and see the results of entry and exit pages. If important content is generating low traffic, you need to place it where it can be seen. Spend time where it matters and focus on the content that will engage with your users and see how it eventually converts them into customers.

  Behaviour -> Site search
  Site search tracks how people use your website’s internal search engine. You can see :

  • What search keywords visitors used on your website’s internal search.
  • Which of those keywords resulted in no results (what content your visitors are looking for but cannot find).
  • What pages visitors visited immediately after a search.
  • What search categories visitors use (if your website employs search categories).

  Behaviour -> Downloads
  What are users wanting to take away with them ? They could be downloading .pdfs, .zip files, ebooks, infographics or other free/paid resources. For example, if you were working for an education institution and created valuable information packs for students that you made available online in .pdf format. To see an increase in downloads meant students were finding the .pdfs and realising the need to download them. No downloads could mean the information packs weren’t being found which would be problematic.

  Behaviour -> Events
  Tracking events is a very useful way to measure the interactions your users have with your website content, which are not directly page views or downloads.

  How have Events been used effectively ? A great example comes from one of our customers, Catalyst. They wanted to capture and measure the user interaction of accordions (an area of content that expands or closes depending on how a user interacts with it) to see if people were actually getting all the information available to them on this one page. By creating an Event to record which accordion had been opened, as well as creating events for other user interactions, they were able to figure out which content got the most engagement and which got the least. Being able to see how visitors navigated through their website helped them optimise the site to ensure people were getting the relevant information they were craving.

  Behaviour -> Content interactions
  Content tracking allows you to track interaction within the content of your web page. Go beyond page views, bounce rates and average time spent on page with your content. Instead, you can analyse content interaction rates based on mouse clicking and configuring scrolling or hovering behaviours to see precisely how engaged your users are. If interaction rates are low, perhaps you need to restructure your page layout to grab your user’s attention sooner. Possibly you will get more interaction when you have more images or banner ads to other areas of your business.

  

  Watch this video to learn about the Behaviour feature

  2. Set up Heatmaps

  Effortlessly discover how your visitors truly engage with your most important web pages that impact the success of your business. Heatmaps shows you visually where your visitors try to click, move the mouse and how far down they scroll on each page.

  

  You don’t need to waste time digging for key metrics or worry about putting together tables of data to understand how your visitors are interacting with your website. Heatmaps make it easy and fast to discover where your users are paying their attention, where they have problems, where useless content is and how engaging your content is. Get insights that you cannot get from traditional reports. Learn more

  TRY IT FOR FREE

  3. Carry out A/B testing

  With A/B Testing you reduce risk in your decision-making and can test what your visitors are responding well to. 

  

  Ever had discussions with colleagues about where to place content on a landing page ? Or discussed what the call-to-action should be and assumed you were making the best decisions ? The truth is, you never know what really works the best (and what doesn’t) unless you test it. Learn more

  How to increase engagement with A/B Testing : Test, test and test. This is a surefire way to learn what content is leading your visitors on a path to conversion and what isn’t.

  4. Media Analytics

  Tells you how visitors are engaging with your video or audio content, and whether they’re leading to your desired conversions. Track :

  • How many plays your media gets and which parts they viewed
  • Finish rates
  • How your media was consumed over time
  • How media was consumed on specific days
  • Which locations your users were viewing your content from
  • Learn more

  

  How to increase engagement with Media Analytics : These metrics give a picture of how audiences are behaving when it comes to your content. By showing insights such as, how popular your media content is, how engaging it is and which days content will be most viewed, you can tailor content strategies to produce content people will actually find interesting and watch/listen.

  Matomo example : When we went through the feature video metrics on our own site to see how our videos were performing, we noticed our Acquisition video had a 95% completion rate. Even though it was longer than most videos, the stats showed us it had, by far, the most engagement. By using Media Analytics to get insights on the best and worst performing videos, we gathered useful info to help us better allocate resources effectively so that in the future, we’re producing more videos that will be watched.

  5. Investigate transitions

  See which page visitors are entering the site from and where they exit to. Transitions shows engagement on each page and whether the content is leading them to the pages you want them to be directed to.

  

  This gives you a greater understanding of user pathways. You may be assuming visitors are finding your content from one particular pathway, but figure out users are actually coming through other channels you never thought of. Through Transitions, you may discover and capitalise on new opportunities from external sites.

  How to increase engagement with Transitions : Identify clearly where users may be getting distracted to click away and where other pages are creating opportunity to click-through to conversion. 

  6. Create Custom Reports

  You can choose from over 200 dimensions and metrics to get the insights you need as well as various visualisation options. This makes understanding the data incredibly easy and you can get the insights you need instantly for faster results without the need for a developer. Learn more

  

  How to increase engagement with Custom Reports : Set custom reports to see when content is being viewed and figure out how engaged users are by looking at different hours of the day or which days of the week they’re visiting your website. For example, you could be wondering what hour of the day performed best for converting your customers. Understanding these metrics helps you figure out the best time to schedule your blog posts, pay-per-click advertising, edms or social media posts knowing that your visitors are more likely to convert at different times.

  TRY IT FOR FREE

  7. Other metrics to key an eye on …

  A good indication of a great experience and of engagement is whether your readers, viewers or listeners want to do it again and again.

  “Best” metrics are hard to determine so you’ll need to ask yourself what you want to do or what you want your site to do. How do you want your users to behave or what kind of buyer’s journey do you want them to have ?

  Want to know where to start ? Look at …

  • Bounce rate – a high bounce rate isn’t great as people aren’t finding what they’re looking for and are leaving without taking action. (This offers great opportunities as you can test to see why people are bouncing off your site and figure out what you need to change.)
  • Time on site – a long time on site is usually a good indication that people are spending time reading, navigating and being engaged with your website. 
  • Frequency of visit – how often do people come back to interact with the content on your website ? The higher the % of your visitors that come back time and time again will show how engaged they are with your content.
  • Session length/average session duration – how much time users spend on site each session
  • Pages per session – is great to show engagement because it shows visitors are happy going through your website and learn more about your business.

  Key takeaway

  Whichever stage of the buyer’s journey your visitors are in, you need to ensure your content is optimised for engagement so that visitors can easily spend time on your website.

  “Every single visit by every single visitor is no longer judged as a success or a failure at the end of 29 min (max) session in your analytics tool. Every visit is not a ‘last-visit’, rather it becomes a continuous experience leading to a win-win outcome.” – Avinash Kaushik

  As you can tell, one size does not fit all when it comes to analysing and measuring engagement, but with a toolkit of features, you can make sure you have everything you need to experiment and figure out the metrics that matter to the success of your business and website.

  Concurrently, these gentle nudges for visitors to consume more and more content encourages them along their path to purchase, conversion or loyalty. They get a more engaging website experience over time and you get happy visitors/customers who end up coming back for more.

  TRY IT FOR FREE

  Want to learn how to increase conversions with Matomo ? Look out for the final in this series : part 3 ! We’ll go through how you can boost conversions and meet your business goals with web analytics. 

• Stream publishing using ffmpeg rtmp : network bandwidth not fully utilized

  14 février 2017, par DeducibleSteak

  I’m developing an application that needs to publish a media stream to an rtmp "ingestion" url (as used in YouTube Live, or as input to Wowza Streaming Engine, etc), and I’m using the ffmpeg library (programmatically, from C/C++, not the command line tool) to handle the rtmp layer. I’ve got a working version ready, but am seeing some problems when streaming higher bandwidth streams to servers with worse ping. The problem exists both when using the ffmpeg "native"/builtin rtmp implementation and the librtmp implementation.

  When streaming to a local target server with low ping through a good network (specifically, a local Wowza server), my code has so far handled every stream I’ve thrown at it and managed to upload everything in real time - which is important, since this is meant exclusively for live streams.

  However, when streaming to a remote server with a worse ping (e.g. the youtube ingestion urls on a.rtmp.youtube.com, which for me have 50+ms pings), lower bandwidth streams work fine, but with higher bandwidth streams the network is underutilized - for example, for a 400kB/s stream, I’m only seeing 140kB/s network usage, with a lot of frames getting delayed/dropped, depending on the strategy I’m using to handle network pushback.

  Now, I know this is not a problem with the network connection to the target server, because I can successfully upload the stream in real time when using the ffmpeg command line tool to the same target server or using my code to stream to a local Wowza server which then forwards the stream to the youtube ingestion point.

  So the network connection is not the problem and the issue seems to lie with my code.

  I’ve timed various parts of my code and found that when the problem appears, calls to av_write_frame / av_interleaved_write_frame (I never mix & match them, I am always using one version consistently in any specific build, it’s just that I’ve experimented with both to see if there is any difference) sometimes take a really long time - I’ve seen those calls sometimes take up to 500-1000ms, though the average "bad case" is in the 50-100ms range. Not all calls to them take this long, most return instantly, but the average time spent in these calls grows bigger than the average frame duration, so I’m not getting a real time upload anymore.

  The main suspect, it seems to me, could be the rtmp Acknowledgement Window mechanism, where a sender of data waits for a confirmation of receipt after sending every N bytes, before sending any more data - this would explain the available network bandwidth not being fully used, since the client would simply sit there and wait for a response (which takes a longer time because of the lower ping), instead of using the available bandwidth. Though I haven’t looked at ffmpeg’s rtmp/librtmp code to see if it actually implements this kind of throttling, so it could be something else entirely.

  The full code of the application is too much to post here, but here are some important snippets :

  Format context creation :

  const int nAVFormatContextCreateError = avformat_alloc_output_context2(&m_pAVFormatContext, nullptr, "flv", m_sOutputUrl.c_str());

  Stream creation :

  m_pVideoAVStream = avformat_new_stream(m_pAVFormatContext, nullptr);
  
  m_pVideoAVStream->id = m_pAVFormatContext->nb_streams - 1;
  
  
  
  m_pAudioAVStream = avformat_new_stream(m_pAVFormatContext, nullptr);
  
  m_pAudioAVStream->id = m_pAVFormatContext->nb_streams - 1;

  Video stream setup :

  m_pVideoAVStream->codecpar->codec_type = AVMEDIA_TYPE_VIDEO;
  
  m_pVideoAVStream->codecpar->codec_id = AV_CODEC_ID_H264;
  
  m_pVideoAVStream->codecpar->width = nWidth;
  
  m_pVideoAVStream->codecpar->height = nHeight;
  
  m_pVideoAVStream->codecpar->format = AV_PIX_FMT_YUV420P;
  
  m_pVideoAVStream->codecpar->bit_rate = 10 * 1000 * 1000;
  
  m_pVideoAVStream->time_base = AVRational { 1, 1000 };
  
  
  
  m_pVideoAVStream->codecpar->extradata_size = int(nTotalSizeRequired);
  
  m_pVideoAVStream->codecpar->extradata = (uint8_t*)av_malloc(m_pVideoAVStream->codecpar->extradata_size + AV_INPUT_BUFFER_PADDING_SIZE);
  
  // Fill in the extradata here - I'm sure I'm doing that correctly.

  Audio stream setup :

  m_pAudioAVStream->time_base = AVRational { 1, 1000 };
  
  // Let's leave creation of m_pAudioCodecContext out of the scope of this question, I'm quite sure everything is done right there.
  
  const int nAudioCodecCopyParamsError = avcodec_parameters_from_context(m_pAudioAVStream->codecpar, m_pAudioCodecContext);

  Opening the connection :

  const int nAVioOpenError = avio_open2(&m_pAVFormatContext->pb, m_sOutputUrl.c_str(), AVIO_FLAG_WRITE);

  Starting the stream :

  AVDictionary * pOptions = nullptr;
  
  const int nWriteHeaderError = avformat_write_header(m_pAVFormatContext, &pOptions);

  Sending a video frame :

  AVPacket pkt = { 0 };
  
  av_init_packet(&pkt);
  
  pkt.dts = nTimestamp;
  
  pkt.pts = nTimestamp;
  
  pkt.duration = nDuration; // I know what I have the wrong duration sometimes, but I don't think that's the issue.
  
  pkt.data = pFrameData;
  
  pkt.size = pFrameDataSize;
  
  pkt.flags = bKeyframe ? AV_PKT_FLAG_KEY : 0;
  
  pkt.stream_index = m_pVideoAVStream->index;
  
  const int nWriteFrameError = av_write_frame(m_pAVFormatContext, &pkt); // This is where too much time is spent.

  Sending an audio frame :

  AVPacket pkt = { 0 };
  
  av_init_packet(&pkt);
  
  pkt.pts = m_nTimestampMs;
  
  pkt.dts = m_nTimestampMs;
  
  pkt.duration = m_nDurationMs;
  
  pkt.stream_index = m_pAudioAVStream->index;
  
  const int nWriteFrameError = av_write_frame(m_pAVFormatContext, &pkt);

  Any ideas ? Am I on the right track with thinking about the Acknowledgement Window ? Am I doing something else completely wrong ?