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• An introduction to reverse engineering

  22 janvier 2011

  (This blog is still in hibernation, but I needed somewhere to post this)

  Reverse engineering is one of those wonderful topics, covering everything from simple "guess how this program works" problem solving, to poking at silicon with scanning electron microscopes. I’m always hugely fascinated by articles that walk through the steps involved in these types of activities, so I thought I’d contribute one back to the world.

  In this case, I’m going to be looking at the export bundle format created by the Tandberg Content Server, a device for recording video conferences. The bundle is intended for moving recordings between Tandberg devices, but it’s also the easiest way to get all of the related assets for a recorded conference. Unfortunately, there’s no parser available to take the bundle files (.tcb) and output the component pieces. Well, that just won’t do.

  For this type of reverse engineering, I basically want to learn enough about the TCB format to be able to parse out the individual files within it. The only tools I’ll need in this process are a hex editor, a notepad, and a way to convert between hex and decimal (the OS X calculator will do fine if you’re not the type to do it in your head).

  Step 1 : Basic Research
  After Googling around to see if this was a solved issue, I decided to dive into the format. I brought a sample bundle into my trusty hex editor (in this case Hex Fiend).

  

  A few things are immediately obvious. First, we see the first four bytes are the letters TCSB. Another quick visit to Google confirms this header type isn’t found elsewhere, and there’s essentially no discussion of it. Going a few bytes further, we see "contents.xml." And a few bytes after that, we see what looks like plaintext XML. This is a pretty good clue that the TCB file consists of a . Let’s scan a bit further and see if we can confirm that.
  
  In this segment, we see the end of the XML, and something that could be another filename - "dbtransfer" - followed by what looks like gibberish. That doesn’t help too much. Let’s keep looking.
  
  Great - a .jpg ! Looking a bit further, we see the letters "JFIF," which is recognizable as part of a JPEG header. If you weren’t already familiar with that, a quick google for "jpg hex header" would clear up any confusion. So, we’ve got the basics of the file format down, but we’ll need a little bit more information if we’re going to write a parser.

  Step 2 : Finding the pattern
  We can make an educated guess that a file like this has to provide a few hints to a decoder. We would either expect a table of contents, describing where in the bundle each individual file was located, some sort of stop bit marking the boundary between files, byte offsets describing the locations of files, or a listing of file lengths.

  There isn’t any sign of a table of contents. Let’s start looking for a stop bit, as that would make writing our parser really easy. Want I’m going to do is pull out all of the data between two prospective files, and I want two sets to compare.
  I’ve placed asterisks to flag the bytes corresponding to the filenames, since those are known.

  1E D1 70 4C 25 06 36 4D 42 E9 65 6A 9F 5D 88 38 0A 00 *64 62 74 72 61 6E 73 66 65 72* 42 06 ED 48 0B 50 0A C4 14 D6 63 42 F2 BF E3 9D 20 29 00 00 00 00 00 00 DE E5 FD

  01 0C 00 *63 6F 6E 74 65 6E 74 73 2E 78 6D 6C* 9E 0E FE D3 C9 3A 3A 85 F4 E4 22 FE D0 21 DC D7 53 03 00 00 00 00 00 00

  The first line corresponds to the "dbtransfer" entry, the second to the "contents.xml" entry. Let’s trim the first entry to match the second.

  38 0A 00 *64 62 74 72 61 6E 73 66 65 72* 42 06 ED 48 0B 50 0A C4 14 D6 63 42 F2 BF E3 9D 20 29 00 00 00 00 00 00

  01 0C 00 *63 6F 6E 74 65 6E 74 73 2E 78 6D 6C* 9E 0E FE D3 C9 3A 3A 85 F4 E4 22 FE D0 21 DC D7 53 03 00 00 00 00 00 00

  It looks like we’ve got three bytes before the filename, followed by 18 bytes, followed by six bytes of zero. Unfortunately, there’s no obvious pattern of bits which would correspond to a "break" between segments. However, looking at those first three bytes, we see a 0x0A, and a 0x0C, two small values in the same place. 10 and 12. Interesting - the 12 entry corresponds with "contents.xml" and the 10 entry corresponds with "dbtransfer". Could that byte describe the length of the filename ? Let’s look at our much longer JPG entry to be sure.

  70 4A 00 *77 77 77 5C 73 6C 69 64 65 73 5C 64 37 30 64 35 34 63 66 2D 32 39 35 62 2D 34 31 34 63 2D 61 38 64 66 2D 32 66 37 32 64 66 33 30 31 31 35 65 5C 74 68 75 6D 62 6E 61 69 6C 73 5C 74 68 75 6D 62 6E 61 69 6C 30 30 2E 6A 70 67*

  0x4A - 74, corresponding to a 74 character filename. Looks like we’re in business.

  At this point, it’s worth an aside to talk about endianness. I happen to know that the Tandberg Content Server runs Windows on Intel, so I went into this with the assumption that the format was little-endian. However, if you’re not sure, it’s always worth looking at words backwards and forwards, just in case.

  So we know how to find our filename. Now how do we find our file data ? Let’s go back to our JPEG. We know that JPEGs start with 0xFFD8FFE0, and a quick trip to Google also tells us that they end with 0xFFD9. We can use that to pull a sample jpeg out of our TCB, save it to disk, and confirm that we’re on the right track.
  

  This is one of those great steps in reverse engineering - concrete proof that you’re on the right track. Everything seems to go quicker from this point on.

  So, we know we’ve got a JPEG file in a continuous 2177 byte segment. We know that the format used byte lengths to describe filenames - maybe it also uses byte lengths to describe file lengths. Let’s look for 2177, or 0x8108, near our JPEG.

  

  Well, that’s a good sign. But, it could be coincidental, so at this point we’d want to check a few other files to be sure. In fact, looking further in some file, we find some larger .mp4 files which don’t quite match our guess. It turns out that file length is a 32bit value, not a 16bit value - with our two jpegs, the larger bytes just happened to be zeros.

  Step 3 : Writing a parser

  "Bbbbbut...", I hear you say ! "You have all these chunks of data you don’t understand !"

  True enough, but all I care about is getting the files out, with the proper names. I don’t care about creation dates, file permissions, or any of the other crud that this file format likely contains.

  

  Let’s look at the first two files in this bundle. A little bit of byte counting shows us the pattern that we can follow. We’ll treat the first file as a special case. After that, we seek 16 bytes from the end of file data to find the filename length (2 bytes), then we’re at the filename, then we seek 16 bytes to find the file length (4 bytes) and seek another 4 bytes to find the start of the file data. Rinse, repeat.

  I wrote a quick parser in PHP, since the eventual use for this information is part of a larger PHP-based application, but any language with basic raw file handling would work just as well.

  tcsParser.txt
  This was about the simplest possible type of reverse engineering - we had known data in an unknown format, without any compression or encryption. It only gets harder from here...

• Museum of Multimedia Software, Part 2

  16 août 2010, par Multimedia Mike — Software Museum

  This installment includes a bunch of old, discontinued Adobe software as well as some Flash-related mutlimedia software.

  Screen Time for Flash Screen Saver Factory
  "Create High Impact Screen Savers Using Macromedia Flash."

  
  
  

  Requirements include Windows 3.1, 95 or NT 3.5.1. A 486 computer is required to play the resulting screensavers which are Flash projectors using Macromedia Flash 3.0.

  Monster Interactive Instant GUI 2
  Create eye-popping GUIs more easily for use in Flash. Usability experts would argue that this is not a good thing.

  
  
  

  Adobe Dimensions 3.0
  "The Easy Yet Powerful 3D Rendering Tool." This software was end-of-life’d in late 2004-early 2005 (depending on region).

  
  
  

  Adobe ImageStyler
  "Instantly add style to your Web site." Wikipedia claims that this product was sold from 1998 to 2000 when it was superseded by Adobe LiveMotion (see below).

  
  
  

  Google is able to excavate a link to the Latin American site for Adobe ImageStyler, a page that doesn’t seem to be replicated in any other language.

  Adobe LiveMotion
  "Professional Web graphics and animation." This is version 1, where the last version was #2, released in 2002.

  
  
  

  Adobe Streamline 4.0
  "The most powerful way to convert images into line art." This was discontinued in mid-2005.

  
  
  

  Adobe SuperATM
  "The magic that maintains the look of your documents." This is the oldest item in my collection. A close examination of the back of the box reveals an old Adobe logo. The latest copyright date on the box is 1992.

  
  
  

• FFMPEG(?) Error : [out#0/s16le @ 000002452f906a00] Output file does not contain any stream

  11 mars 2024, par Ondosh

  FFMPEG_OPTIONS = {
    'before_options': '-reconnect 1 -reconnect_streamed 1 -reconnect_delay_max 5',
    'options': '-vn'}
YDL_OPTIONS = {
    'format': 'bestaudio/best',
    'extractaudio': True,
    'noplaylist': True,
    'simulate': 'True',
    'preferredquality': '192',
    'preferredcodec': 'mp3',
    'key': 'FFmpegExtractAudio'}
@bot.command(aliases=['Ping', 'PING', 'Пинг', 'ПИНГ', 'зштп', 'ЗШТП', 'Зштп',
                      'пинг'])
async def ping(ctx):
    await ctx.message.reply(f'Ping: {round(bot.latency * 1000)}ms')
#########################[PLAY MUSIC BLOCK]#########################
@bot.command()
async def add(ctx, *url):
    url = ' '.join(url)
    with yt_dlp.YoutubeDL(YDL_OPTIONS) as ydl:
        try:
            info = ydl.extract_info(url, download=False)
        except:
            info = ydl.extract_info(f"ytsearch:{url}",
                                    download=False)['entries'][0]

    URL = info['formats'][0]['url']
    name = info['title']
    time = str(datetime.timedelta(seconds=info['duration']))
    songs_queue.q_add([name, time, URL])
    embed = nextcord.Embed(description=f'Записываю [{name}]({url}) в очередь 📝',
                           colour=nextcord.Colour.red())
    await ctx.message.reply(embed=embed)
def step_and_remove(voice_client):
    if loop_flag:
        songs_queue.q_add(songs_queue.get_value()[0])
    songs_queue.q_remove()
    audio_player_task(voice_client)
def audio_player_task(voice_client):
    if not voice_client.is_playing() and songs_queue.get_value():
        voice_client.play(nextcord.FFmpegPCMAudio(
            executable="ffmpeg\\bin\\ffmpeg.exe",
            source=songs_queue.get_value()[0][2],
            **FFMPEG_OPTIONS),
            after=lambda e: step_and_remove(voice_client))
@bot.command(aliases=['Play', 'PLAY', 'играй', 'ИГРАЙ', 'Играй', 'сыграй',
                      'Сыграй', 'СЫГРАЙ', 'здфн', 'Здфн', 'ЗДФН', 'p', 'P',
                      'pl', 'PL', 'Pl', 'Плей',
                      'ПЛЕЙ', 'плей'])
async def play(ctx, *url):
    await join(ctx)
    await add(ctx, ' '.join(url))
    await ctx.message.add_reaction(emoji='🎸')
    voice_client = ctx.guild.voice_client
    audio_player_task(voice_client)
@bot.command(aliases=['Queue', 'QUEUE', 'йгугу', 'Йгугу', 'ЙГУГУ', 'очередь',
                      'Очередь', 'ОЧЕРЕДЬ', 'список', 'Список', 'СПИСОК',
                      'list', 'List', 'LIST', 'дшые', 'Дшые', 'ДШЫЕ', 'Лист',
                      'лист', 'ЛИСТ', 'песни', 'Песни', 'ПЕСНИ', 'songs',
                      'Songs', 'SONGS', 'ыщтпы', 'ЫЩТПЫ', 'Ыщтпы', 'q'])
async def queue(ctx):
    if len(songs_queue.get_value()) > 0:
        only_names_and_time_queue = []
        for i in songs_queue.get_value():
            name = i[0]
            if len(i[0]) > 30:
                name = i[0][:30] + '...'
            only_names_and_time_queue.append(f'📀 `{name:<33}   {i[1]:>20}`\n')
        c = 0
        queue_of_queues = []
        while c < len(only_names_and_time_queue):
            queue_of_queues.append(only_names_and_time_queue[c:c + 10])
            c += 10

        embed = nextcord.Embed(title=f'ОЧЕРЕДЬ [LOOP: {loop_flag}]',
                               description=''.join(queue_of_queues[0]),
                               colour=nextcord.Colour.red())
        await ctx.send(embed=embed)

        for i in range(1, len(queue_of_queues)):
            embed = nextcord.Embed(description=''.join(queue_of_queues[i]),
                                   colour=nextcord.Colour.red())
            await ctx.send(embed=embed)
    else:
        await ctx.send('Очередь пуста')


  


  There is the part of my music bot in Discord, I don't really know why it doesn't work. Actually, I tried to use someone's old code, so it needs to be fixed. I have cut out the most important parts of the code, which most likely had an error.
I found other questions, but there was another errors.
After trying to start the video, I get the following errors :
[out#0/s16le @ 000002452f906a00] Output file does not contain any stream
Error opening output file pipe:1.
Error opening output files : Invalid argument