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• Ffmpeg error "avcodec_send_frame" return "invalid argument"

  17 octobre 2023, par Paulo Coutinho

  I have a problem in function avcodec_send_frame throwing error Error sending frame for encoding: Invalid argument (-22). I already search, check, recheck and nothing. It is near the ffmpeg examples. Can anyone help me ? Thanks.

  


  This is my code :

  


  static void callbackAddSubtitle(const Message &m, const Response r)
{
    try
    {
        av_log_set_level(AV_LOG_DEBUG);

        spdlog::debug("[Mapping :: callbackAddSubtitle] Adding subtitle...");

        auto inputOpt = m.get("input");
        auto outputOpt = m.get("output");

        if (!inputOpt.has_value() || !outputOpt.has_value())
        {
            r(std::string{"INVALID-PARAMS"});
            return;
        }

        const std::string &input = inputOpt.value();
        const std::string &output = outputOpt.value();

        // initialize input
        spdlog::debug("[Mapping :: callbackAddSubtitle] Initializing input video...");

        AVFormatContext *inputFormatCtx = avformat_alloc_context();
        if (avformat_open_input(&inputFormatCtx, input.c_str(), nullptr, nullptr) != 0)
        {
            spdlog::error("Failed to open input");
            r(std::string{"ERROR-OPEN-INPUT"});
            return;
        }

        if (avformat_find_stream_info(inputFormatCtx, nullptr) < 0)
        {
            spdlog::error("Failed to find stream information");
            avformat_close_input(&inputFormatCtx);
            r(std::string{"ERROR-FIND-STREAM"});
            return;
        }

        int videoStreamIndex = av_find_best_stream(inputFormatCtx, AVMEDIA_TYPE_VIDEO, -1, -1, nullptr, 0);
        if (videoStreamIndex < 0)
        {
            spdlog::error("Could not find a video stream");
            r(std::string{"ERROR-FIND-VIDEO-STREAM"});
            return;
        }

        AVRational timeBase = inputFormatCtx->streams[videoStreamIndex]->time_base;

        AVCodecParameters *inputCodecPar = inputFormatCtx->streams[videoStreamIndex]->codecpar;
        const AVCodec *inputCodec = avcodec_find_decoder(inputCodecPar->codec_id);
        AVCodecContext *inputCodecCtx = avcodec_alloc_context3(inputCodec);

        avcodec_parameters_to_context(inputCodecCtx, inputCodecPar);
        avcodec_open2(inputCodecCtx, inputCodec, nullptr);

        // initialize input audio
        spdlog::debug("[Mapping :: callbackAddSubtitle] Initializing input audio...");

        int audioStreamIndex = av_find_best_stream(inputFormatCtx, AVMEDIA_TYPE_AUDIO, -1, -1, nullptr, 0);
        if (audioStreamIndex < 0)
        {
            spdlog::error("Could not find an audio stream");
            r(std::string{"ERROR-FIND-AUDIO-STREAM"});
            return;
        }

        AVCodecParameters *inputAudioCodecPar = inputFormatCtx->streams[audioStreamIndex]->codecpar;
        const AVCodec *inputAudioCodec = avcodec_find_decoder(inputAudioCodecPar->codec_id);
        AVCodecContext *inputAudioCodecCtx = avcodec_alloc_context3(inputAudioCodec);

        avcodec_parameters_to_context(inputAudioCodecCtx, inputAudioCodecPar);
        avcodec_open2(inputAudioCodecCtx, inputAudioCodec, nullptr);

        // initialize output video
        spdlog::debug("[Mapping :: callbackAddSubtitle] Initializing output video...");

        AVFormatContext *outputFormatCtx = nullptr;
        avformat_alloc_output_context2(&outputFormatCtx, nullptr, nullptr, output.c_str());
        AVStream *outputStream = avformat_new_stream(outputFormatCtx, nullptr);

        AVCodecContext *outputCodecCtx = avcodec_alloc_context3(inputCodec);
        avcodec_parameters_to_context(outputCodecCtx, inputCodecPar);
        int retOutVideo = avcodec_open2(outputCodecCtx, inputCodec, nullptr);

        if (retOutVideo < 0)
        {
            char err[AV_ERROR_MAX_STRING_SIZE];
            av_make_error_string(err, AV_ERROR_MAX_STRING_SIZE, retOutVideo);
            spdlog::error("Failed to initialize output video: {}", err);
            r(std::string{"ERROR-INIT-OUTPUT-VIDEO"});
            return;
        }

        outputStream->codecpar->codec_type = AVMEDIA_TYPE_VIDEO;
        outputStream->codecpar->codec_id = inputCodec->id;
        avcodec_parameters_from_context(outputStream->codecpar, outputCodecCtx);

        if (!(outputFormatCtx->oformat->flags & AVFMT_NOFILE))
        {
            avio_open(&outputFormatCtx->pb, output.c_str(), AVIO_FLAG_WRITE);
        }

        const char *pixelFormatName = getPixelFormatName(outputCodecCtx->pix_fmt);
        spdlog::debug("Pixel Format: {}", pixelFormatName);

        // initialize output audio
        spdlog::debug("[Mapping :: callbackAddSubtitle] Initializing output audio...");

        AVStream *outputAudioStream = avformat_new_stream(outputFormatCtx, nullptr);
        AVCodecContext *outputAudioCodecCtx = avcodec_alloc_context3(inputAudioCodec);
        avcodec_parameters_to_context(outputAudioCodecCtx, inputAudioCodecPar);
        int retOutAudio = avcodec_open2(outputAudioCodecCtx, inputAudioCodec, nullptr);

        if (retOutAudio < 0)
        {
            char err[AV_ERROR_MAX_STRING_SIZE];
            av_make_error_string(err, AV_ERROR_MAX_STRING_SIZE, retOutAudio);
            spdlog::error("Failed to initialize output audio: {}", err);
            r(std::string{"ERROR-INIT-OUTPUT-AUDIO"});
            return;
        }

        outputAudioStream->codecpar->codec_type = AVMEDIA_TYPE_AUDIO;
        outputAudioStream->codecpar->codec_id = inputAudioCodec->id;
        avcodec_parameters_from_context(outputAudioStream->codecpar, outputAudioCodecCtx);

        // initialize filters
        spdlog::debug("[Mapping :: callbackAddSubtitle] Initializing filters...");

        AVFilterGraph *filterGraph = avfilter_graph_alloc();
        if (!filterGraph)
        {
            spdlog::error("Failed to allocate filter graph");
            r(std::string{"ERROR-FILTER-GRAPH"});
            return;
        }

        AVFilterContext *bufferSinkCtx;
        AVFilterContext *bufferSrcCtx;

        const AVFilter *bufferSink = avfilter_get_by_name("buffersink");
        const AVFilter *bufferSrc = avfilter_get_by_name("buffer");

        // input filter
        char filterInArgs[512];
        snprintf(filterInArgs, sizeof(filterInArgs), "video_size=%dx%d:pix_fmt=%d:time_base=%d/%d:pixel_aspect=%d/%d", inputCodecPar->width, inputCodecPar->height, inputCodecCtx->pix_fmt, timeBase.num, timeBase.den, inputCodecCtx->sample_aspect_ratio.num, inputCodecCtx->sample_aspect_ratio.den);

        spdlog::debug("[Mapping :: callbackAddSubtitle] Buffer src args: {}", filterInArgs);

        int retFilterIn = avfilter_graph_create_filter(&bufferSrcCtx, bufferSrc, "in", filterInArgs, nullptr, filterGraph);
        if (retFilterIn < 0)
        {
            char err[AV_ERROR_MAX_STRING_SIZE];
            av_make_error_string(err, AV_ERROR_MAX_STRING_SIZE, retFilterIn);
            spdlog::error("Failed to create bufferSrcCtx: {}", err);
            r(std::string{"ERROR-CREATE-FILTER-SRC"});
            return;
        }

        // output filter
        int retFilterOut = avfilter_graph_create_filter(&bufferSinkCtx, bufferSink, "out", nullptr, nullptr, filterGraph);

        if (retFilterOut < 0)
        {
            char err[AV_ERROR_MAX_STRING_SIZE];
            av_make_error_string(err, AV_ERROR_MAX_STRING_SIZE, retFilterOut);
            spdlog::error("Failed to create bufferSinkCtx: {}", err);
            r(std::string{"ERROR-CREATE-FILTER-SINK"});
            return;
        }

        enum AVPixelFormat pix_fmts[] = {AV_PIX_FMT_YUV420P, AV_PIX_FMT_NONE};
        av_opt_set_int_list(bufferSinkCtx, "pix_fmts", pix_fmts, AV_PIX_FMT_NONE, AV_OPT_SEARCH_CHILDREN);

        // add filters to graph and link them
        const char *filterSpec = "drawtext=text='Legenda Adicionada Automaticamente Via FFMPEG e C++': fontcolor=yellow: bordercolor=black: fontfile='/Users/paulo/Downloads/roboto/Roboto-Black.ttf'";
        const AVFilter *filter = avfilter_get_by_name("drawtext");

        AVFilterInOut *outputs = avfilter_inout_alloc();
        AVFilterInOut *inputs = avfilter_inout_alloc();

        outputs->name = av_strdup("in");
        outputs->filter_ctx = bufferSrcCtx;
        outputs->pad_idx = 0;
        outputs->next = nullptr;
        inputs->name = av_strdup("out");
        inputs->filter_ctx = bufferSinkCtx;
        inputs->pad_idx = 0;
        inputs->next = nullptr;

        if (avfilter_graph_parse_ptr(filterGraph, filterSpec, &inputs, &outputs, nullptr) < 0)
        {
            spdlog::error("Failed to parse filter graph");
            r(std::string{"ERROR-PARSE-FILTER"});
            return;
        }

        if (avfilter_graph_config(filterGraph, nullptr) < 0)
        {
            spdlog::error("Failed to configure filter graph");
            r(std::string{"ERROR-CONFIG-FILTER"});
            return;
        }

        // header
        spdlog::debug("[Mapping :: callbackAddSubtitle] Writing header...");

        if (avformat_write_header(outputFormatCtx, nullptr) < 0)
        {
            spdlog::error("Error writing header");
            r(std::string{"ERROR-WRITE-HEADER"});
            return;
        }

        // read frames and write to output
        AVPacket *packet = av_packet_alloc();
        AVFrame *frame = av_frame_alloc();

        frame->format = inputCodecCtx->pix_fmt;
        frame->width = inputCodecCtx->width;
        frame->height = inputCodecCtx->height;

        AVFrame *filt_frame = av_frame_alloc();

        filt_frame->format = inputCodecCtx->pix_fmt;
        filt_frame->width = inputCodecCtx->width;
        filt_frame->height = inputCodecCtx->height;

        while (av_read_frame(inputFormatCtx, packet) >= 0)
        {
            if (packet->stream_index == videoStreamIndex)
            {
                if (avcodec_send_packet(inputCodecCtx, packet) < 0)
                {
                    spdlog::error("Error sending packet for decoding");
                    r(std::string{"ERROR-SEND-PACKET-DECODE"});
                    return;
                }

                while (avcodec_receive_frame(inputCodecCtx, frame) == 0)
                {
                    // Envia o quadro decodificado para o gráfico de filtro
                    if (av_buffersrc_add_frame_flags(bufferSrcCtx, frame, AV_BUFFERSRC_FLAG_KEEP_REF) < 0)
                    {
                        spdlog::error("Error while feeding the filtergraph");
                        r(std::string{"ERROR-FEED-FILTERGRAPH"});
                        return;
                    }

                    // Recebe um quadro do gráfico de filtro
                    if (av_buffersink_get_frame(bufferSinkCtx, filt_frame) < 0)
                    {
                        spdlog::error("Error while receiving the filtered frame");
                        r(std::string{"ERROR-RECEIVE-FILTERED-FRAME"});
                        return;
                    }

                    // Envia o quadro decodificado para re-codificação
                    int retSendFrame = avcodec_send_frame(outputCodecCtx, filt_frame);
                    if (retSendFrame < 0)
                    {
                        char err[AV_ERROR_MAX_STRING_SIZE];
                        av_make_error_string(err, AV_ERROR_MAX_STRING_SIZE, retSendFrame);
                        spdlog::error("Error sending frame for encoding: {}", err);
                        r(std::string{"ERROR-SEND-FRAME-ENCODE"});
                        return;
                    }

                    AVPacket *output_packet = av_packet_alloc();
                    output_packet->data = nullptr;
                    output_packet->size = 0;

                    // Re-codifica filt_frame para um pacote
                    if (avcodec_receive_packet(outputCodecCtx, output_packet) == 0)
                    {
                        // Escreve o pacote no fluxo de saída
                        av_write_frame(outputFormatCtx, output_packet);
                        av_packet_unref(output_packet);
                    }

                    av_frame_unref(filt_frame);
                }

                // time
                packet->pts = av_rescale_q_rnd(packet->pts, inputFormatCtx->streams[videoStreamIndex]->time_base, outputFormatCtx->streams[videoStreamIndex]->time_base, (AVRounding)(AV_ROUND_NEAR_INF | AV_ROUND_PASS_MINMAX));
                packet->dts = av_rescale_q_rnd(packet->dts, inputFormatCtx->streams[videoStreamIndex]->time_base, outputFormatCtx->streams[videoStreamIndex]->time_base, (AVRounding)(AV_ROUND_NEAR_INF | AV_ROUND_PASS_MINMAX));
                packet->duration = av_rescale_q(packet->duration, inputFormatCtx->streams[videoStreamIndex]->time_base, outputFormatCtx->streams[videoStreamIndex]->time_base);
                packet->stream_index = videoStreamIndex;

                // write packet to output video stream
                av_interleaved_write_frame(outputFormatCtx, packet);
            }
            else if (packet->stream_index == audioStreamIndex)
            {
                // rescale timestamps
                packet->pts = av_rescale_q_rnd(packet->pts, inputFormatCtx->streams[audioStreamIndex]->time_base, outputFormatCtx->streams[audioStreamIndex]->time_base, (AVRounding)(AV_ROUND_NEAR_INF | AV_ROUND_PASS_MINMAX));
                packet->dts = av_rescale_q_rnd(packet->dts, inputFormatCtx->streams[audioStreamIndex]->time_base, outputFormatCtx->streams[audioStreamIndex]->time_base, (AVRounding)(AV_ROUND_NEAR_INF | AV_ROUND_PASS_MINMAX));
                packet->duration = av_rescale_q(packet->duration, inputFormatCtx->streams[audioStreamIndex]->time_base, outputFormatCtx->streams[audioStreamIndex]->time_base);
                packet->stream_index = audioStreamIndex;

                // write packet to output audio stream
                av_interleaved_write_frame(outputFormatCtx, packet);
            }

            av_packet_unref(packet);
        }

        av_packet_free(&packet);
        av_frame_free(&frame);
        av_frame_free(&filt_frame);

        spdlog::debug("[Mapping :: callbackAddSubtitle] Writing trailer...");

        if (av_write_trailer(outputFormatCtx) < 0)
        {
            spdlog::error("Error writing trailer");
            r(std::string{"ERROR-WRITE-TRAILER"});
            return;
        }

        // cleanup
        spdlog::debug("[Mapping :: callbackAddSubtitle] Cleaning...");

        if (!(outputFormatCtx->oformat->flags & AVFMT_NOFILE))
        {
            avio_closep(&outputFormatCtx->pb);
        }

        avcodec_free_context(&inputCodecCtx);
        avcodec_free_context(&inputAudioCodecCtx);
        avcodec_free_context(&outputCodecCtx);
        avcodec_free_context(&outputAudioCodecCtx);

        avformat_free_context(inputFormatCtx);
        avformat_free_context(outputFormatCtx);

        r(std::string{"OK"});
    }
    catch (const std::exception &e)
    {
        spdlog::error("Error: {}", e.what());
        r(std::string{"ERROR"});
    }
}


  


  The error is :

  


  [2023-10-17 06:30:16.936] [debug] [Mapping :: callbackAddSubtitle] Adding subtitle...
[2023-10-17 06:30:16.936] [debug] [Mapping :: callbackAddSubtitle] Initializing input video...
[NULL @ 0x153604a60] Opening '/Users/paulo/Downloads/movie.mp4' for reading
[file @ 0x6000001fd170] Setting default whitelist 'file,crypto,data'
[mov,mp4,m4a,3gp,3g2,mj2 @ 0x153604a60] Format mov,mp4,m4a,3gp,3g2,mj2 probed with size=2048 and score=100
[mov,mp4,m4a,3gp,3g2,mj2 @ 0x153604a60] ISO: File Type Major Brand: isom
[mov,mp4,m4a,3gp,3g2,mj2 @ 0x153604a60] Unknown dref type 0x206c7275 size 12
[mov,mp4,m4a,3gp,3g2,mj2 @ 0x153604a60] Processing st: 0, edit list 0 - media time: 0, duration: 2669670
[mov,mp4,m4a,3gp,3g2,mj2 @ 0x153604a60] Unknown dref type 0x206c7275 size 12
[mov,mp4,m4a,3gp,3g2,mj2 @ 0x153604a60] Processing st: 1, edit list 0 - media time: 1024, duration: 4272096
[mov,mp4,m4a,3gp,3g2,mj2 @ 0x153604a60] drop a frame at curr_cts: 0 @ 0
[mov,mp4,m4a,3gp,3g2,mj2 @ 0x153604a60] Before avformat_find_stream_info() pos: 113542488 bytes read:110788 seeks:1 nb_streams:2
[h264 @ 0x153604cd0] nal_unit_type: 7(SPS), nal_ref_idc: 3
[h264 @ 0x153604cd0] Decoding VUI
[h264 @ 0x153604cd0] nal_unit_type: 8(PPS), nal_ref_idc: 3
[mov,mp4,m4a,3gp,3g2,mj2 @ 0x153604a60] demuxer injecting skip 1024 / discard 0
[aac @ 0x1536056f0] skip 1024 / discard 0 samples due to side data
[h264 @ 0x153604cd0] nal_unit_type: 7(SPS), nal_ref_idc: 3
[h264 @ 0x153604cd0] Decoding VUI
[h264 @ 0x153604cd0] nal_unit_type: 8(PPS), nal_ref_idc: 3
[h264 @ 0x153604cd0] nal_unit_type: 6(SEI), nal_ref_idc: 0
[h264 @ 0x153604cd0] nal_unit_type: 5(IDR), nal_ref_idc: 3
[h264 @ 0x153604cd0] Format yuv420p chosen by get_format().
[h264 @ 0x153604cd0] Reinit context to 1088x1920, pix_fmt: yuv420p
[mov,mp4,m4a,3gp,3g2,mj2 @ 0x153604a60] All info found
[mov,mp4,m4a,3gp,3g2,mj2 @ 0x153604a60] After avformat_find_stream_info() pos: 195211 bytes read:305951 seeks:2 frames:2
[2023-10-17 06:30:18.160] [debug] [Mapping :: callbackAddSubtitle] Initializing input audio...
[h264 @ 0x143604330] nal_unit_type: 7(SPS), nal_ref_idc: 3
[h264 @ 0x143604330] Decoding VUI
[h264 @ 0x143604330] nal_unit_type: 8(PPS), nal_ref_idc: 3
[2023-10-17 06:30:18.160] [debug] [Mapping :: callbackAddSubtitle] Initializing output video...
[h264 @ 0x143611ec0] nal_unit_type: 7(SPS), nal_ref_idc: 3
[h264 @ 0x143611ec0] Decoding VUI
[h264 @ 0x143611ec0] nal_unit_type: 8(PPS), nal_ref_idc: 3
[file @ 0x6000001f4000] Setting default whitelist 'file,crypto,data'
[2023-10-17 06:30:18.167] [debug] Pixel Format: YUV420P
[2023-10-17 06:30:18.167] [debug] [Mapping :: callbackAddSubtitle] Initializing output audio...
[2023-10-17 06:30:18.167] [debug] [Mapping :: callbackAddSubtitle] Initializing filters...
[2023-10-17 06:30:18.168] [debug] [Mapping :: callbackAddSubtitle] Buffer src args: video_size=1080x1920:pix_fmt=0:time_base=1/30000:pixel_aspect=1/1
detected 10 logical cores
[in @ 0x6000004ec0b0] Setting 'video_size' to value '1080x1920'
[in @ 0x6000004ec0b0] Setting 'pix_fmt' to value '0'
[in @ 0x6000004ec0b0] Setting 'time_base' to value '1/30000'
[in @ 0x6000004ec0b0] Setting 'pixel_aspect' to value '1/1'
[in @ 0x6000004ec0b0] w:1080 h:1920 pixfmt:yuv420p tb:1/30000 fr:0/1 sar:1/1
[AVFilterGraph @ 0x6000017e8000] Setting 'text' to value 'Legenda Adicionada Automaticamente Via FFMPEG e C++'
[AVFilterGraph @ 0x6000017e8000] Setting 'fontcolor' to value 'yellow'
[AVFilterGraph @ 0x6000017e8000] Setting 'bordercolor' to value 'black'
[AVFilterGraph @ 0x6000017e8000] Setting 'fontfile' to value '/Users/paulo/Downloads/roboto/Roboto-Black.ttf'
[AVFilterGraph @ 0x6000017e8000] query_formats: 3 queried, 2 merged, 0 already done, 0 delayed
[2023-10-17 06:30:18.172] [debug] [Mapping :: callbackAddSubtitle] Writing header...
[h264 @ 0x143604330] nal_unit_type: 6(SEI), nal_ref_idc: 0
[h264 @ 0x143604330] nal_unit_type: 5(IDR), nal_ref_idc: 3
[h264 @ 0x143604330] Format yuv420p chosen by get_format().
[h264 @ 0x143604330] Reinit context to 1088x1920, pix_fmt: yuv420p
[Parsed_drawtext_0 @ 0x6000004f4160] Copying data in avfilter.
[Parsed_drawtext_0 @ 0x6000004f4160] n:0 t:0.000000 text_w:424 text_h:16 x:0 y:0
[2023-10-17 06:30:18.182] [error] Error sending frame for encoding: Invalid argument
Returned Value: ERROR-SEND-FRAME-ENCODE


  


• Merge commit ’e481458bc308ee838deaeacac51929514762e7a7’

  26 avril 2016, par Derek Buitenhuis

  Merge commit ’e481458bc308ee838deaeacac51929514762e7a7’
  * commit ’e481458bc308ee838deaeacac51929514762e7a7’ :
  
    h264 : factor out pred weight table parsing into a separate file
  Merged-by : Derek Buitenhuis <derek.buitenhuis@gmail.com>
  

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• Segmentation Analytics : How to Leverage It on Your Site

  27 octobre 2023, par Erin — Analytics Tips

  The deeper you go with your customer analytics, the better your insights will be.

  The result ? Your marketing performance soars to new heights.

  Customer segmentation is one of the best ways businesses can align their marketing strategies with an effective output to generate better results. Marketers know that targeting the right people is one of the most important aspects of connecting with and converting web visitors into customers.

  By diving into customer segmentation analytics, you’ll be able to transform your loosely defined and abstract audience into tangible, understandable segments, so you can serve them better.

  In this guide, we’ll break down customer segmentation analytics, the different types, and how you can delve into these analytics on your website to grow your business.

  What is customer segmentation ?

  Before we dive into customer segmentation analytics, let’s take a step back and look at customer segmentation in general. 

  Customer segmentation is the process of dividing your customers up into different groups based on specific characteristics.

  These groups could be based on demographics like age or location or behaviours like recent purchases or website visits. 

  By splitting your audience into different segments, your marketing team will be able to craft highly targeted and relevant marketing campaigns that are more likely to convert.

  Additionally, customer segmentation allows businesses to gain new insights into their audience. For example, by diving deep into different segments, marketers can uncover pain points and desires, leading to increased conversion rates and return on investment.

  But, to grasp the different customer segments, organisations need to know how to collect, digest and interpret the data for usable insights to improve their business. That’s where segmentation analytics comes in.

  What is customer segmentation analytics ?

  Customer segmentation analytics splits customers into different groups within your analytics software to create more detailed customer data and improve targeting.

  

  With customer segmentation, you’re splitting your customers into different groups. With customer segmentation analytics, you’re doing this all within your analytics platform so you can understand them better.

  One example of splitting your customers up is by country. For example, let’s say you have a global customer base. So, you go into your analytics software and find that 90% of your website visitors come from five countries : the UK, the US, Australia, Germany and Japan.

  In this area, you could then create customer segmentation subsets based on these five countries. Moving forward, you could then hop into your analytics tool at any point in time and analyse the segments by country. 

  For example, if you wanted to see how well your recent marketing campaign impacted your Japanese customers, you could look at your Japanese subset within your analytics and dive into the data.

  The primary goal of customer segmentation analytics is to gather actionable data points to give you an in-depth understanding of your customers. By gathering data on your different audience segments, you’ll discover insights on your customers that you can use to optimise your website, marketing campaigns, mobile apps, product offerings and overall customer experience.

  Rather than lumping your entire customer base into a single mass, customer segmentation analytics allows you to meet even more specific and relevant needs and pain points of your customers to serve them better.

  By allowing you to “zoom in” on your audience, segmentation analytics helps you offer more value to your customers, giving you a competitive advantage in the marketplace.

  5 types of segmentation

  There are dozens of different ways to split up your customers into segments. The one you choose depends on your goals and marketing efforts. Each type of segmentation offers a different view of your customers so you can better understand their specific needs to reach them more effectively.

  While you can segment your customers in almost endless ways, five common types the majority fall under are :

  

  Geographic

  Another way to segment is by geography.

  This is important because you could have drastically different interests, pain points and desires based on where you live.

  If you’re running a global e-commerce website that sells a variety of clothing products, geographic segmentation can play a crucial role in optimising your website.

  For instance, you may observe that a significant portion of your website visitors are from countries in the Southern Hemisphere, where it’s currently summer. On the other hand, visitors from the Northern Hemisphere are experiencing winter. Utilising this information, you can tailor your marketing strategy and website accordingly to increase sells.

  Where someone comes from can significantly impact how they will respond to your messaging, brand and offer.

  Geographic segmentation typically includes the following subtypes :

  • Cities (i.e., Austin, Paris, Berlin, etc.)
  • State (i.e., Massachusetts)
  • Country (i.e., Thailand)

  Psychographic

  Another key segmentation type of psychographic. This is where you split your customers into different groups based on their lifestyles.

  Psychographic segmentation is a method of dividing your customers based on their habits, attitudes, values and opinions. You can unlock key emotional elements that impact your customers’ purchasing behaviours through this segmentation type.

  Psychographic segmentation typically includes the following subtypes :

  • Values
  • Habits
  • Opinions

  Behavioural

  While psychographic segmentation looks at your customers’ overall lifestyle and habits, behavioural segmentation aims to dive into the specific individual actions they take daily, especially when interacting with your brand or your website.

  Your customers won’t all interact with your brand the same way. They’ll act differently when interacting with your products and services for several reasons. 

  Behavioural segmentation can help reveal certain use cases, like why customers buy a certain product, how often they buy it, where they buy it and how they use it.

  By unpacking these key details about your audience’s behaviour, you can optimise your campaigns and messaging to get the most out of your marketing efforts to reach new and existing customers.

  Behavioural segmentation typically includes the following subtypes :

  • Interactions
  • Interests
  • Desires

  Technographic

  Another common segmentation type is technographic segmentation. As the name suggests, this technologically driven segment seeks to understand how your customers use technology.

  While this is one of the newest segmentation types marketers use, it’s a powerful method to help you understand the types of tech your customers use, how often they use it and the specific ways they use it.

  Technographic segmentation typically includes the following subtypes :

  • Smartphone type
  • Device type : smartphone, desktop, tablet
  • Apps
  • Video games

  Demographic

  The most common approach to segmentation is to split your customers up by demographics. 

  Demographic segmentation typically includes subtypes like language, job title, age or education.

  This can be helpful for tailoring your content, products, and marketing efforts to specific audience segments. One way to capture this information is by using web analytics tools, where language is often available as a data point.

  However, for accurate insights into other demographic segments like job titles, which may not be available (or accurate) in analytics tools, you may need to implement surveys or add fields to forms on your website to gather this specific information directly from your visitors.

  How to build website segmentation analytics

  With Matomo, you can create a variety of segments to divide your website visitors into different groups. Matomo’s Segments allows you to view segmentation analytics on subsets of your audience, like :

  • The device they used while visiting your site
  • What channel they entered your site from
  • What country they are located
  • Whether or not they visited a key page of your website
  • And more

  While it’s important to collect general data on every visitor you have to your website, a key to website growth is understanding each type of visitor you have.

  For example, here’s a screenshot of how you can segment all of your website’s visitors from New Zealand :

  

  The criteria you use to define these segments are based on the data collected within your web analytics platform.

  Here are some popular ways you can create some common themes on Matomo that can be used to create segments :

  Visit based segments

  Create segments in Matomo based on visitors’ patterns. 

  For example :

  • Do returning visitors show different traits than first-time visitors ?
  • Do people who arrive on your blog experience your website differently than those arriving on a landing page ?

  This information can inform your content strategy, user interface design and marketing efforts.

  Demographic segments

  Create segments in Matomo based on people’s demographics. 

  For example :

  • User’s browser language
  • Location

  This can enable you to tailor your approach to specific demographics, improving the performance of your marketing campaigns.

  Technographic segments

  Create segments in Matomo based on people’s technographics. 

  For example :

  • Web browser being used (i.e., Chrome, Safari, Firefox, etc.)
  • Device type (i.e., smartphone, tablet, desktop)

  This can inform how to optimise your website based on users’ technology preferences, enhancing the effectiveness of your website.

  Interaction based segments

  Create segments in Matomo based on interactions. 

  For example :

  • Events (i.e., when someone clicks a specific URL on your website)
  • Goals (i.e., when someone stays on your site for a certain period)

  Insights from this can empower you to fine-tune your content and user experience for increasing conversion rates.

  

  Campaign-based segments

  Create segments in Matomo based on campaigns. 

  For example :

  • Visitors arriving from specific traffic sources
  • Visitors arriving from specific advertising campaigns

  With these insights, you can assess the performance of your marketing efforts, optimise your ad spend and make data-driven decisions to enhance your campaigns for better results.

  Ecommerce segments

  Create segments in Matomo based on ecommerce. 

  For example :

  • Visitors who purchased vs. those who didn’t
  • Visitors who purchased a specific product

  This allows you to refine your website and marketing strategy for increased conversions and revenue.

  Leverage Matomo for your segmentation analytics

  By now, you can see the power of segmentation analytics and how they can be used to understand your customers and website visitors better. By breaking down your audience into groups, you’ll be able to gain insights into those segments to know how to serve them better with improved messaging and relevant products.

  If you’re ready to begin using segmentation analytics on your website, try Matomo. Start your 21-day free trial now — no credit card required.

  Matomo is an ideal choice for marketers looking for an easy-to-use, out-of-the-box web analytics solution that delivers accurate insights while keeping privacy and compliance at the forefront.