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• The use cases for a element in HTML

  1er janvier 2014, par silvia

  The W3C HTML WG and the WHATWG are currently discussing the introduction of a <main> element into HTML.

  The <main> element has been proposed by Steve Faulkner and is specified in a draft extension spec which is about to be accepted as a FPWD (first public working draft) by the W3C HTML WG. This implies that the W3C HTML WG will be looking for implementations and for feedback by implementers on this spec.

  I am supportive of the introduction of a <main> element into HTML. However, I believe that the current spec and use case list don’t make a good enough case for its introduction. Here are my thoughts.

  Main use case : accessibility

  In my opinion, the main use case for the introduction of <main> is accessibility.

  Like any other users, when blind users want to perceive a Web page/application, they need to have a quick means of grasping the content of a page. Since they cannot visually scan the layout and thus determine where the main content is, they use accessibility technology (AT) to find what is known as “landmarks”.

  “Landmarks” tell the user what semantic content is on a page : a header (such as a banner), a search box, a navigation menu, some asides (also called complementary content), a footer, …. and the most important part : the main content of the page. It is this main content that a blind user most often wants to skip to directly.

  In the days of HTML4, a hidden “skip to content” link at the beginning of the Web page was used as a means to help blind users access the main content.

  In the days of ARIA, the aria @role=main enables authors to avoid a hidden link and instead mark the element where the main content begins to allow direct access to the main content. This attribute is supported by AT – in particular screen readers – by making it part of the landmarks that AT can directly skip to.

  Both the hidden link and the ARIA @role=main approaches are, however, band aids : they are being used by those of us that make “finished” Web pages accessible by adding specific extra markup.

  A world where ARIA is not necessary and where accessibility developers would be out of a job because the normal markup that everyone writes already creates accessible Web sites/applications would be much preferable over the current world of band-aids.

  Therefore, to me, the primary use case for a <main> element is to achieve exactly this better world and not require specialized markup to tell a user (or a tool) where the main content on a page starts.

  An immediate effect would be that pages that have a <main> element will expose a “main” landmark to blind and vision-impaired users that will enable them to directly access that main content on the page without having to wade through other text on the page. Without a <main> element, this functionality can currently only be provided using heuristics to skip other semantic and structural elements and is for this reason not typically implemented in AT.

  Other use cases

  The <main> element is a semantic element not unlike other new semantic elements such as <header>, <footer>, <aside>, <article>, <nav>, or <section>. Thus, it can also serve other uses where the main content on a Web page/Web application needs to be identified.

  Data mining

  For data mining of Web content, the identification of the main content is one of the key challenges. Many scholarly articles have been published on this topic. This stackoverflow article references and suggests a multitude of approaches, but the accepted answer says “there’s no way to do this that’s guaranteed to work”. This is because Web pages are inherently complex and many <div>, <p>, <iframe> and other elements are used to provide markup for styling, notifications, ads, analytics and other use cases that are necessary to make a Web page complete, but don’t contribute to what a user consumes as semantically rich content. A <main> element will allow authors to pro-actively direct data mining tools to the main content.

  Search engines

  One particularly important “data mining” tool are search engines. They, too, have a hard time to identify which sections of a Web page are more important than others and employ many heuristics to do so, see e.g. this ACM article. Yet, they still disappoint with poor results pointing to findings of keywords in little relevant sections of a page rather than ranking Web pages higher where the keywords turn up in the main content area. A <main> element would be able to help search engines give text in main content areas a higher weight and prefer them over other areas of the Web page. It would be able to rank different Web pages depending on where on the page the search words are found. The <main> element will be an additional hint that search engines will digest.

  Visual focus

  On small devices, the display of Web pages designed for Desktop often causes confusion as to where the main content can be found and read, in particular when the text ends up being too small to be readable. It would be nice if browsers on small devices had a functionality (maybe a default setting) where Web pages would start being displayed as zoomed in on the main content. This could alleviate some of the headaches of responsive Web design, where the recommendation is to show high priority content as the first content. Right now this problem is addressed through stylesheets that re-layout the page differently depending on device, but again this is a band-aid solution. Explicit semantic markup of the main content can solve this problem more elegantly.

  Styling

  Finally, naturally, <main> would also be used to style the main content differently from others. You can e.g. replace a semantically meaningless <div id=”main”> with a semantically meaningful <main> where their position is identical. My analysis below shows, that this is not always the case, since oftentimes <div id=”main”> is used to group everything together that is not the header – in particular where there are multiple columns. Thus, the ease of styling a <main> element is only a positive side effect and not actually a real use case. It does make it easier, however, to adapt the style of the main content e.g. with media queries.

  Proposed alternative solutions

  It has been proposed that existing markup serves to satisfy the use cases that <main> has been proposed for. Let’s analyse these on some of the most popular Web sites. First let’s list the propsed algorithms.

  Proposed solution No 1 : Scooby-Doo

  On Sat, Nov 17, 2012 at 11:01 AM, Ian Hickson <ian@hixie.ch> wrote :
  | The main content is whatever content isn’t
  | marked up as not being main content (anything not marked up with <header>,
  | <aside>, <nav>, etc).
  

  This implies that the first element that is not a <header>, <aside>, <nav>, or <footer> will be the element that we want to give to a blind user as the location where they should start reading. The algorithm is implemented in https://gist.github.com/4032962.

  Proposed solution No 2 : First article element

  On Sat, Nov 17, 2012 at 8:01 AM, Ian Hickson  wrote :
  | On Thu, 15 Nov 2012, Ian Yang wrote :
  | >
  | > That’s a good idea. We really need an element to wrap all the <p>s,
  | > <ul>s, <ol>s, <figure>s, <table>s ... etc of a blog post.
  |
  | That’s called <article>.
  

  This approach identifies the first <article> element on the page as containing the main content. Here’s the algorithm for this approach.

  Proposed solution No 3 : An example heuristic approach

  The readability plugin has been developed to make Web pages readable by essentially removing all the non-main content from a page. An early source of readability is available. This demonstrates what a heuristic approach can perform.

  Analysing alternative solutions

  Comparison

  I’ve picked 4 typical Websites (top on Alexa) to analyse how these three different approaches fare. Ideally, I’d like to simply apply the above three scripts and compare pictures. However, since the semantic HTML5 elements <header>, <aside>, <nav>, and <footer> are not actually used by any of these Web sites, I don’t actually have this choice.

  So, instead, I decided to make some assumptions of where these semantic elements would be used and what the outcome of applying the first two algorithms would be. I can then compare it to the third, which is a product so we can take screenshots.

  Google.com

  http://google.com – search for “Scooby Doo”.

  The search results page would likely be built with :

  • a <nav> menu for the Google bar
  • a <header> for the search bar
  • another <header> for the login section
  • another <nav> menu for the search types
  • a <div> to contain the rest of the page
  • a <div> for the app bar with the search number
  • a few <aside>s for the left and right column
  • a set of <article>s for the search results

  “Scooby Doo” would find the first element after the headers as the “main content”. This is the element before the app bar in this case. Interestingly, there is a <div @id=main> already in the current Google results page, which “Scooby Doo” would likely also pick. However, there are a nav bar and two asides in this div, which clearly should not be part of the “main content”. Google actually placed a @role=main on a different element, namely the one that encapsulates all the search results.

  “First Article” would find the first search result as the “main content”. While not quite the same as what Google intended – namely all search results – it is close enough to be useful.

  The “readability” result is interesting, since it is not able to identify the main text on the page. It is actually aware of this problem and brings a warning before displaying this page :

  

  Facebook.com

  https://facebook.com

  A user page would likely be built with :

  • a <header> bar for the search and login bar
  • a <div> to contain the rest of the page
  • an <aside> for the left column
  • a <div> to contain the center and right column
  • an <aside> for the right column
  • a <header> to contain the center column “megaphone”
  • a <div> for the status posting
  • a set of <article>s for the home stream

  “Scooby Doo” would find the first element after the headers as the “main content”. This is the element that contains all three columns. It’s actually a <div @id=content> already in the current Facebook user page, which “Scooby Doo” would likely also pick. However, Facebook selected a different element to place the @role=main : the center column.

  “First Article” would find the first news item in the home stream. This is clearly not what Facebook intended, since they placed the @role=main on the center column, above the first blog post’s title. “First Article” would miss that title and the status posting.

  The “readability” result again disappoints but warns that it failed :

  

  YouTube.com

  http://youtube.com

  A video page would likely be built with :

  • a <header> bar for the search and login bar
  • a <nav> for the menu
  • a <div> to contain the rest of the page
  • a <header> for the video title and channel links
  • a <div> to contain the video with controls
  • a <div> to contain the center and right column
  • an <aside> for the right column with an <article> per related video
  • an <aside> for the information below the video
  • a <article> per comment below the video

  “Scooby Doo” would find the first element after the headers as the “main content”. This is the element that contains the rest of the page. It’s actually a <div @id=content> already in the current YouTube video page, which “Scooby Doo” would likely also pick. However, YouTube’s related videos and comments are unlikely to be what the user would regard as “main content” – it’s the video they are after, which generously has a <div id=watch-player>.

  “First Article” would find the first related video or comment in the home stream. This is clearly not what YouTube intends.

  The “readability” result is not quite as unusable, but still very bare :

  

  Wikipedia.com

  http://wikipedia.com (“Overscan” page)

  A Wikipedia page would likely be built with :

  • a <header> bar for the search, login and menu items
  • a <div> to contain the rest of the page
  • an &ls ; article> with title and lots of text
  • <article> an <aside> with the table of contents
  • several <aside>s for the left column

  Good news : “Scooby Doo” would find the first element after the headers as the “main content”. This is the element that contains the rest of the page. It’s actually a <div id=”content” role=”main”> element on Wikipedia, which “Scooby Doo” would likely also pick.

  “First Article” would find the title and text of the main element on the page, but it would also include an <aside>.

  The “readability” result is also in agreement.

  

  Results

  In the following table we have summarised the results for the experiments :

  Site	Scooby-Doo	First article	Readability
  Google.com	FAIL	SUCCESS	FAIL
  Facebook.com	FAIL	FAIL	FAIL
  YouTube.com	FAIL	FAIL	FAIL
  Wikipedia.com	SUCCESS	SUCCESS	SUCCESS

  Clearly, Wikipedia is the prime example of a site where even the simple approaches find it easy to determine the main content on the page. WordPress blogs are similarly successful. Almost any other site, including news sites, social networks and search engine sites are petty hopeless with the proposed approaches, because there are too many elements that are used for layout or other purposes (notifications, hidden areas) such that the pre-determined list of semantic elements that are available simply don’t suffice to mark up a Web page/application completely.

  Conclusion

  It seems that in general it is impossible to determine which element(s) on a Web page should be the “main” piece of content that accessibility tools jump to when requested, that a search engine should put their focus on, or that should be highlighted to a general user to read. It would be very useful if the author of the Web page would provide a hint through a <main> element where that main content is to be found.

  I think that the <main> element becomes particularly useful when combined with a default keyboard shortcut in browsers as proposed by Steve : we may actually find that non-accessibility users will also start making use of this shortcut, e.g. to get to videos on YouTube pages directly without having to tab over search boxes and other interactive elements, etc. Worthwhile markup indeed.

• Acquiring h264 decoder delay value (CompositionTime) and codec config from frame data

  10 décembre 2014, par yttrium

  I’m trying to implement H264 streaming through RTMPT.

  I receive separate frames with epoch timestamp in microseconds, frame data and frame type (inter- or intra-).

  What i need is to determine codec config (17 00 packet) and decoder delay value for every frame, I receive. How I can achieve this ?

  Thank you.

• fatal error : libavcodec/avcodec.h no such file or directory compilation terminated

  25 mai 2016, par user1625271

  I’m trying to execute tutorial01.c using gcc and I have the gcc and tutorial01.c in the same folder along with libavcodec and libavformat and its associated files it gives me this error

  fatal error : libavcodec/avcodec.h no such file or directory compilation terminated

  when I run gcc -o tutorial01 tutorial01.c -lavformat -lavcodec -lz through the terminal in ubuntu 12.04

  the code is

  #include  libavcodec/avcodec.h
  
  #include libavformat/avformat.h
  
  #include stdio.h
  
  
  
  void SaveFrame(AVFrame *pFrame, int width, int height, int iFrame)
  
   {
  
    FILE *pFile;
  
    char szFilename[32];
  
    int  y;
  
  
  
    // Open file
  
    sprintf(szFilename, "frame%d.ppm", iFrame);
  
    pFile=fopen(szFilename, "wb");
  
    if(pFile==NULL)
  
      return;
  
  
  
    // Write header
  
    fprintf(pFile, "P6\n%d %d\n255\n", width, height);
  
    // Write pixel data
  
    for(y=0; ydata[0]+y*pFrame->linesize[0], 1, width*3, pFile);
  
  
  
    // Close file
  
    fclose(pFile);
  
  }
  
  
  
  int main(int argc, char *argv[])
  
   {
  
    AVFormatContext *pFormatCtx;
  
    int             i, videoStream;
  
    AVCodecContext  *pCodecCtx;
  
    AVCodec         *pCodec;
  
    AVFrame         *pFrame; 
  
    AVFrame         *pFrameRGB;
  
    AVPacket        packet;
  
    int             frameFinished;
  
    int             numBytes;
  
    uint8_t         *buffer;
  
  
  
    if(argc < 2) 
  
    {
  
      printf("Please provide a movie file\n");
  
      return -1;
  
    }
  
  
  
    // Register all formats and codecs
  
    av_register_all();
  
    // Open video file
  
    if(av_open_input_file(&pFormatCtx, argv[1], NULL, 0, NULL)!=0)
  
      return -1; // Couldn't open file
  
  
  
    // Retrieve stream information
  
    if(av_find_stream_info(pFormatCtx)<0)
  
      return -1; // Couldn't find stream information
  
  
  
    // Dump information about file onto standard error
  
    dump_format(pFormatCtx, 0, argv[1], 0);
  
    // Find the first video stream
  
    videoStream=-1;
  
    for(i=0; inb_streams; i++)
  
      if(pFormatCtx->streams[i]->codec->codec_type==CODEC_TYPE_VIDEO)
  
      {
  
        videoStream=i;
  
        break;
  
      }
  
    if(videoStream==-1)
  
      return -1; // Didn't find a video stream
  
  
  
    // Get a pointer to the codec context for the video stream
  
    pCodecCtx=pFormatCtx->streams[videoStream]->codec;
  
    // Find the decoder for the video stream
  
    pCodec=avcodec_find_decoder(pCodecCtx->codec_id);
  
    if(pCodec==NULL) 
  
    {
  
      fprintf(stderr, "Unsupported codec!\n");
  
      return -1; // Codec not found
  
    }
  
  
  
    // Open codec
  
    if(avcodec_open(pCodecCtx, pCodec)<0)
  
      return -1; // Could not open codec
  
  
  
    // Allocate video frame
  
    pFrame=avcodec_alloc_frame();
  
  
  
    // Allocate an AVFrame structure
  
    pFrameRGB=avcodec_alloc_frame();
  
  
  
    if(pFrameRGB==NULL)
  
      return -1;
  
  
  
    // Determine required buffer size and allocate buffer              
  
   numBytes=avpicture_get_size(PIX_FMT_RGB24, pCodecCtx->width,
  
                    pCodecCtx->height);
  
  
  
    buffer=(uint8_t *)av_malloc(numBytes*sizeof(uint8_t));
  
  
  
    // Assign appropriate parts of buffer to image planes in pFrameRGB
  
    // Note that pFrameRGB is an AVFrame, but AVFrame is a superset
  
    // of AVPicture
  
    avpicture_fill((AVPicture *)pFrameRGB, buffer, PIX_FMT_RGB24,
  
           pCodecCtx->width, pCodecCtx->height);
  
  
  
    // Read frames and save first five frames to disk
  
    i=0;
  
    while(av_read_frame(pFormatCtx, &packet)>=0)
  
   {
  
      // Is this a packet from the video stream?
  
      if(packet.stream_index==videoStream) 
  
      {
  
        // Decode video frame
  
        avcodec_decode_video(pCodecCtx, pFrame, &frameFinished, 
  
                 packet.data, packet.size);
  
  
  
        // Did we get a video frame?
  
        if(frameFinished) 
  
        {
  
          // Convert the image from its native format to RGB
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
      img_convert((AVPicture *)pFrameRGB, PIX_FMT_RGB24, 
  
                      (AVPicture*)pFrame, pCodecCtx->pix_fmt, pCodecCtx->width, 
  
                      pCodecCtx->height);
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
      // Save the frame to disk
  
  
  
      if(++i<=5)
  
    SaveFrame(pFrameRGB, pCodecCtx->width, pCodecCtx->height, 
  
              i);
  
        }
  
     }
  
  
  
      // Free the packet that was allocated by av_read_frame
  
      av_free_packet(&packet);
  
    }
  
  
  
    // Free the RGB image
  
    av_free(buffer);
  
    av_free(pFrameRGB);
  
  
  
    // Free the YUV frame
  
    av_free(pFrame);
  
  
  
   // Close the codec
  
    avcodec_close(pCodecCtx);
  
  
  
  
  
    // Close the video file
  
    av_close_input_file(pFormatCtx);
  
  
  
  
  
    return 0;
  
  
  
  }